The earlier appearance of buds is changing Alpine ecosystems and could affect biodiversity, Alpine farming and tourism.
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The warming climate is causing Alpine plants to sprout much earlier – on average six days earlier than 25 years ago – a Swiss study shows. This affects biodiversity, agriculture and the ecological balance.
The reason for the change is the significant rise in temperatures in the Alps. After the disappearance of snow cover in spring, the ambient temperature is almost two degrees Celsius warmer than it was in 1998, the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF said on Friday. A study by researcher and biologist Michael Zehnder, newly published in the Global Change Biology journal, examines this trend.
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‘Greening’ of the Alps is visible from space
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The impact of global warming in the Alps can be seen from space, with vegetation above the tree line having increased in almost 80% of the area.
This phenomenon also has consequences for the economy and society. Not only does it attract visitors to the mountains earlier, but Alpine farming could also start earlier in future.
Change in biodiversity
According to the study, biodiversity in the Alps will also change. Not all plants grow at the same time after the snow melts. The “internal clock” causes some to only sprout when the days have reached a certain length. Others need warmth above all, Zehnder explained.
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Alpine species struggle to keep pace with climate crisis
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In the Alps, plants, insects, birds and trees are adapting and moving upwards but not quick enough, new research shows.
Plants that primarily need warmth could displace those that follow the length of the day. “Climate change is reshaping the ecosystem in the mountains,” Zehnder concludes.
For his work, he used 40 weather stations of the Intercantonal Measurement and Information System (IMIS) at 1,700-2,700 metres altitude. These have an ultrasonic sensor that measures the snow depth. In summer, they also measure and record the height of the vegetation.
A special computer model then recognised whether there was snow or plants under the sensor. This enabled Zehnder to see when snow had disappeared and vegetation had started growing. For his study he analysed data from 1998 to 2023.
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How climate change is threatening permafrost’s delicate balance
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Permafrost is the hidden frozen “glue” – a layer formed by ice, rock and soil – that holds icy northern landscapes together.
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