Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain, is home to some of the last glaciers on the continent.
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East Africa’s tropical glaciers, from Kilimanjaro to Mount Kenya, are disappearing due to climate change. What does this mean for the continent’s water supply?
Africa is famous for its rainforests, savannas, and deserts. These ecosystems cover most of the continent. But Africa is also home to areas that are permanently covered by ice.
East Africa’s glaciers are found near the equator, at elevations above 5,000 metres. The largest are in Tanzania, on Mount Kilimanjaro, the continent’s highest peak. Other glaciers are found on Mount Kenya and in Uganda, on the Rwenzori Mountain range.
Like glaciers around the world, these are melting due to climate change, affecting the people who live at the foot of the mountains as well as the local tourism industry.
Local melting, global impact
The World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMSExternal link) collects and analyses data on the mass balance, volume, area and length of the world’s glaciers. It was established in 1986 and is based at the University of Zurich. The WGMS has a network of national correspondents in more than 40 countries.
During the International Year for the Conservation of Glaciers, Swissinfo contacted some of them to find out about the state of glaciers in their region, the consequences of ice melt, and adaptation strategies.
“[African glaciers] have lost more than 90% of their area since 1900,” Rainer Prinz, a glaciologist at the University of Innsbruck, tells Swissinfo via e-mail. Prinz is the national correspondent for Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania for the Swiss-based World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS). He is the co-author of one of the most recent and comprehensive studies of African glaciersExternal link.
In just over a century, the area covered by glaciers in Africa has decreased from 19.5 to 1.4 square kilometres, according to the study. The remaining ice is so diminished that it would cover less than half the area of Central Park in New York City.
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In the next few years, Mount Kenya, Africa’s second-highest peak, could become the first mountain on the planet to lose its ice entirely due to human-caused climate change.
“Without significant changes in local climate conditions, East African glaciers are expected to disappear almost entirely by mid-century,” Prinz says.
The Lewis Glacier on Mount Kenya lost 90% of its volume between 1934 and 2010.
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African glaciers are melting because it is snowing less
The retreat of African glaciers is not directly caused by rising temperatures, as is the case in the Alps. Instead, it is the result of changes in precipitation patterns, caused by climate change.
“East African glaciers, like other tropical glaciers, are less sensitive to changes in air temperature,” Prinz explains. They do, however, react to changes in humidity, cloud cover, and precipitation.
The rainy seasons in East Africa happen between October and December and between March and May. At high altitudes, the seasons bring snow, which turns into ice. Changes in the surface temperature of the Indian Ocean since the late 1800s have led to a decline in precipitation. Less and less snow falls on glaciers.
The ice masses no longer receive enough snow and are deprived of the white cover that protects them from solar radiation, Prinz says. “This is what causes the glaciers to melt.”
Cloud cover in the mountains is also decreasingExternal link. This gives glaciers more exposure to the sun’s rays. Even if temperatures at high altitudes stay below freezing, the sun can transform ice directly into water vapour, promoting melting.
The year 2024 was one of the warmest on record in Africa, according to the World Meteorological Organization’s latest report. The continent’s average temperature was 0.87°C higher than it was from 1991-2020 (the worldwide increase was 0.72°C).
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What are the repercussions of Africa’s melting glaciers?
East African glaciers are iconic and have high emotional and spiritual significance, says Prinz. “The loss of glaciers might affect the cultural identity of the local population,” he says.
Local tourism could also suffer. Alfred Masereka of the Uganda Wildlife Authority, a government wildlife agency, said local communities made “a lot of money” because of the glaciers. This has allowed them to send children to school and develop their homes, he told the online newspaper MongabayExternal link.
Prinz believes that melting glaciers would have more of an impact on tourism and the iconography of the mountains than on local water supply. “[African glaciers] are much too small to act as regional water towers,” he notes.
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Preserving water by protecting mountain forests
East Africa’s main water reservoirs are not glaciers, but mountain forests, the researcher says: “That is where the highest precipitation occurs. Their surface area is also far greater than that of glaciers.”
These forests are part of a threatened ecosystem that maintains water supply even as glaciers retreat. They are found at altitudes between 1,000 and 3,500 metres above sea level, where the climate is wetter than in the surrounding lowlands. Mountain forests act like natural sponges, absorbing rainwater and releasing it slowly.
However, their area is shrinking due to expanding agriculture and logging. “These forests need to be protected,” Prinz says.
To mark the International Year for the Conservation of Glaciers 2025, the United Nations’ culture agency UNESCO has launched a project to protect water resources and to restore mountain forestsExternal link in the Kilimanjaro region. The organisation will support local communities in developing sustainable economic activities to avoid destroying forests.
Strategies to adapt to the melting of African glaciers and climate warming in general also come through better management of water resources. Several initiatives aim to reuse wastewater from households, implement rainwater harvesting systems, and reduce waste, such as by improving the efficiency of irrigation systems.
Edited by Gabe Bullard/gw
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